What process releases energy by splitting the nucleus of an atom?

The process that releases energy by splitting the nucleus of an atom is called fission. In fission, a heavy atomic nucleus, such as that of uranium or plutonium, absorbs a neutron and becomes unstable, leading to its division into two or more lighter nuclei. This splitting releases a significant amount of energy, as well as additional neutrons, which can then trigger further fission reactions in a chain reaction. This principle is utilized in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs, highlighting its powerful energetic potential.

In contrast, fusion is the process where two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process. While conduction and convection are methods of heat transfer, they do not involve nuclear reactions or the release of energy from atomic nuclei. Thus, the distinction lies in the nature of the nuclear process: fission involves splitting, which is key to understanding energy release at the atomic level.